First volume deals with the “ideas” of modernisation which spans the period of Young Turk Revolution to Kemalist Movement. That volume also elaborates various subjects such as unionist relations with minorities, the social and economic policy of the Young Turks and the political economy of Kemalism. Second volume discusses events of the period and comments from important figures such as Trotsky. This volume also contains articles on development of working-class consciousness, postage stamps that reflect ideology in the late Ottoman Empire and Ottoman perception of the capitulations. These two volumes also shed the light on problems of contemporary Turkey.